Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

              Vol. XXIII May- June, 1922 No. 269- 270
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
R. S. WILLIAMS
Administrative Assistant
CONTENTS
PAGE
The Saw- Cabbage Palm 61
Black Ducks in Nesting Time 70
The Iris Society Exhibition 72
The Francis Lynde Stetson Fund 73
Conference Notes for April 73
Notes, News and Comments 74
Accessions 78
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THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
HON. JOHN F. HYLAN
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS
HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
PROF. R. A. HARPER, Chairman
EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER HON. GEORGE J. RYAN
PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES PROF. HERBERT M. RICHARDS
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP PROF. HENRY H. RUSBY
G A R D E N S T A F F
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief ( Development, Administration)
DR. H. A. GLEASON, Assistant Director ( Administration)
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums ( Flowering Plants)
DR. W. A. MURRILL, Supervisor of Public Instruction
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator ( Flowering Plants)
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator ( Flowerless Plants)
DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator ( Flowerless Plants)
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant
PERCY WILSON, Associate Curator
JAMES A. CRAWFORD, Associate Curator
DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Laboratories
DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliographer
KENNETH R. BOYNTON, Head Gardener
SARAH H. HARLOW, Librarian
DR H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mosses
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Paleobotanist
Dr- H. M. DENSLOW, Honorary Custodian
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Museum Custodian
JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PLATE 271
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On shore of Cuthbert Lake, southern end of the Florida peninsula.—
A small colony of the saw- cabbage palm in a hammock. The several stems
— really branches— arise from a branching rootstock or main stem system.
The erect stems resemble stout fishing poles. They are light and very fibrous,
and thus being pliable and well anchored in the ground the colony is able to
successfully resist the fiercest hurricanes.
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XXIII May- June, 1922 No. 269- 270
THE SAW- CABBAGE PALM
THE HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF PAUROTIS WRIGHTIL
With Plates 271— 27J.
Palms have always been interesting, even fascinating plants;
and although they may be readily recognized even by those
with the least technical knowledge concerning them, they are,
nevertheless, of a vast variety.
The United States is merely on the northern edge of the
geographic range of the palms of the New World. Yet, south
of the latitude of Cape Hatteras on the Atlantic coast and the
San Bernardino district in California— the northern outposts
of the American palm habitats— not less than fourteen well
marked species of the palm family grow naturally.
They largely prefer the lowlands. Some of these species are
widely distributed geographically; others are restricted to
quite limited areas; but none have altitudinal distribution beyond
a few hundred feet.
They favor the east. One species alone occurs naturally on
the Pacific side of the continent, while the other thirteen, except
two species, are restricted in their distribution to the Gulf and
Atlantic Coastal Plain. Among these the blue- stem ( Sabal
Adansonii) and the needle- palm ( Rhapidophyllum Hystrix),
range beyond the bounds of the Coastal Plain and extend their
ranges a short distance into the Piedmont. Those species, in
the Coastal Plain north of southern peninsular Florida, are more
61
62
or less associated with other palms, such as the cabbage- tree
( Sabal Palmetto), the scrub- palmetto ( Sabal Etonia), and the
saw- palmetto ( Serenoa repens').
In southern Florida seven other palms occur. Some of them
have been well known there for many years, while the discovery
of others has been comparatively recent.
The latest palm to be discovered in Florida— Paurotis
Wrightii, sometimes popularly known as the saw- cabbage palm
— is one of our more interesting and rarer palms. Closely
associated with the lower parts of the Lossman ' s River limestone
of the Ten Thousand Islands, the Cape Sable Region, and the
extreme southern end of the Florida peninsula, it occurs in the
least accessible parts of the State. And this is perhaps why,
although thirty years had elapsed since its discovery on the
North American mainland, it was until quite recently so utterly
misinterpreted.
In May, 1887, Pliny Ward Reasoner2 during a short vacation
trip along the lower western coast of Florida, by boat, discovered
the palm under discussion in the royal palm region or district
of the Cape Romano region. Neither flowers nor fruits were
then secured.
In the fall of the following year, shortly after the death of
Pliny Reasoner, his brother, E. N. Reasoner3, made a pilgrimage
SERENOA REPENS ( Bartram)
Corypha repens Bartram, " frondibus expansis, flabelliformibus, plicatL,
stipit. spinosis."
Chamaerops serrulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 206. 1803.
Serenoa serrulata Hook; Benth. & Hook, Gen. Pl. 3: 926. 1888.
2Pliny Ward Reasoner was born May 6, 1863, at Princeton, Illinois,
where he received his education and at an early age became interested in
botany and horticulture. About 1883 he went to Florida, establishing
the Royal Palm Nurseries at Oneco, and in 1885 formed a partnership
with his brother, E. N. Reasoner, under the name of Reasoner Bros. He
was horticultural superintendent in charge of the subtropical exposition at
Jacksonville, 1887- 88, and one of the three Florida commissioners to the
Atlanta exposition of 1888; and he was becoming widely known as a cultivator
of tropical and subtropical plants and a contributor to horticultural literature
when an attack of yellow fever suddenly terminated his career, at the early
age of twenty- five. He died at Manatee, Florida, September 17, 1888.
— John Hendley Barnhart.
* Egbert Norman Reasoner was born at Princeton, Illinois, May 24, 1869.
63
to the region just referred to above, where he secured seeds
of this same palm and also a few plants; but it was not until a
decade later ( 1898) that the requisite flowers and fruits were
forthcoming. These were found near the source of the Cho-koloskee
River, as will be seen by subsequent quotations.
Specimens were later sent to Charles S. Sargent1 at the
Arnold Arboretum, and he then associated them with the genus
Serenoa, and described the palm as Serenoa arborescens.
Professor Sargent, in a note accompanying the original
description2, said:
" This second species of Serenoa differs from the type of the
genus, the well- known saw palmetto of the southern states, in its
arborescent habit, more elongated spadix, much smaller flowers,
and smaller globose fruit and seeds, and is certainly a most
interesting addition to the trees of the United States. The
existence of an undescribed palm on the Chockoloskee river was
known to me as long ago as 1887, when it was discovered without
flowers and fruit in the Royal Palm Hummock, not far from the
town of Everglade, by the late P. W. Reasoner, of Oneco,
Florida; but it was not until the past season that I obtained the
flowers and fruit from Mr. R. G. Corbitt of Immockalee, Florida,
who has found this palm growing abundantly in the swamps
about thirty miles southeast of Lake Trafford, near the head
of the Chockoloskee. In December 1898, seeds of Serenoa ar­borescens
were distributed from the Arnold Arboretum as " New
palm from the Florida everglades."
Neither of the geographical designations for the original
locality of this palm are correct, in other words Serenoa arbor­escens
was not discovered near the Chokoloskee River nor in
He joined his brother, Pliny Ward Reasoner, in Florida, in the fall of 1885,
and although his brother died only three years later the firm name of Reasoner
Brothers has continued in use until the present time. He has done much
collecting of seeds and living plants in tropical Florida, has traveled widely
in the United States, Europe, and the West Indies, and has contributed to
Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Horticulture and Standard Cyclopedia
of Horticulture.— J. H. Barnhart.
1 See under " Bucaneer- palm," Journal of the New York Botanical Garden
S3: 33- 43- 1922-
' Botanical Gazette 27: 92. 1899.
64
the Royal Palm Hammock; but was first collected in a " point
of cypress" several miles northwest of the headwaters of Allen
River, a locality midway between the two stations cited above
which are twenty odd miles distant from each other. The type
locality was visited by the writer in the spring of 1921. It is
true that there were three royal- palms growing in this point of
cypress at the time of the discovery of the " Serenoa", but it
was in no sense the Royal Palm Hammock which is far to the
westward and back of Marco. These three royal palms were
killed in the " freezes" of 1894 and 1895, which occurred only
six weeks apart. Parts of the column- like trunks of the royal
palms are still standing, but the species ( Roystonea regia) is
now extinct there and it is not likely it will be reestablished
through natural agencies. The geographic range and the
number of individuals of the royal palm in Florida have evi­dently
been shrinking for many years as a result of destructive
natural agencies.
In connection with the description in the Silva1, published
three years later, where the palm was also figured, Professor
Sargent says:
" At the time of its discovery neither flowers nor fruit were
collected, but in October, 1888, Mr. E. N. Reasoner visited the
Chockoliskee River and obtained a few seeds, a stem for the
Jesup Collection of North American Woods in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York, and a few small plants.
One of these has been grown in my Garden in Brookline, Massa­chusetts,
and is now about eight feet high. In the spring of
1898 Dr. Robert Ridgway, the distinguished ornithologist, in­formed
me that his guide on a recent journey which he had made
to the southeast of Fort Myers on the Caloosahatchee River,
Mr. R. G. Corbitt of Immockalee, had told him of a tall slender
Palm in the Cypress swamps thirty or forty miles to the south­east
of Lake Trafford and near the head of the Chockoliskee;
and through Mr. Corbitt I obtained in 1898 leaves, flowers,
and ripe fruits of this interesting Palm, which proved identical
with the one discovered by Mr. Reasoner, and a second species
of Serenoa."
1 Silva of North America 17: 77. pl. 734. 1902.
it*
65
In a later paper1 on the genus, Sargent gives a further note
a the geographic distribution of the species in question, which
: as by that time transferred to the genus Acoelorraphe. It reads:
" An additional station for Acoelorraphe arborescens is at the
ead of East River, White Water Bay, where it was collected
y A. A. Eaton on March 22, 1905, and by J. B. Ellis in June and
' ctober, 1908."
Just twenty years after the discovery of Serenoa arborescens,
1 1907, John J. Soar and Marion Soar, while on a plant
unting excursion, found their way into a large bay, apparently
ill nameless, lying east of Maderia Bay at the southern end of
le Florida peninsula, and north of Big Boggy.
There they discovered a palm unknown to them. They
irried home a piece about as large as one's arm and later planted
on the bank of the Little River north of Miami. It was the
Line as the plant discovered earlier by Mr. Reasoner. This
irticular specimen has grown into a beautiful many- stemmed
irub at least twenty feet tall.
Interest was again awakened in Florida and West Indian palms
lortly after the beginning of the present century. In 1902 O. F.
00k2 described a new genus with one species3 from specimens
> llected on western Andros, Bahamas, by John I. and Alice R.
orthrop. 4 When the Andros specimens came to light matters
: came more interesting. It was seen that the Andros plant,
dging from the specimens just referred to, was the same as
opernicia Wrightii of Cuba. Soon after it became evident that
ie Andros, Cubans, and Floridan plants represented not only
le genus, but one species.
The problem was taken up by Odoardo Beccari, 5 who re-
1 Trees and Shrubs 2: 118. 1911.
2 See under " Bucaneer- palm," Journal of the New York Botanical Garden
: 33- 43- 1922.
3 Paurotis androsana O. F. Cook, Mem. Torrey Club 12: 22. 1902.
' See under " Bucaneer- palm," Journal of the New York Botanical Garden
: 39. 1922. Mrs. Northrop lost her life at Mt. Riga, New York, near
; state lines of Massachusetts and Connecticut, May 6, 1922, when the
tomobile in which she was riding was struck by a train.
sOdoardo Beccari, born at Florence, Italy, November 19, 1843, was edu-ted
at Lucca, Pisa, and Bologna. In early life, from 1865 to 1878, he
; nt much time in botanical exploration, visiting for that purpose Abyssinia,
66
surrected the unpublished generic name Acoelorraphe1 and
published both the Cuban and the Floridan species under it2.
Beccari records a slightly different version of the discovery of
the flowers and the fruits in Florida. He says, the flowers were
collected thirty miles southeast of Lake Trafford near the source
of the Chokoloskee River in May, 1898, by R. G. Corbitt and
t h a t the fruits were collected in Royal Palm Hammock in Dec­ember
1898 by R. B. Storter. The original description of
Serenoa arborescens and the plate subsequently printed in the
Silva3 are, in themselves, sufficient to exclude the plant from the
genus Serenoa, and had the author of Serenoa arborescens seen
the palm growing in its native haunts he surely would not
have associated it with t h a t genus.
From the writer's experience with this palm he would consider
the case of Serenoa arborescens versus Paurotis Wrightii an
excellent example of indoor- botany versus field- botany.
At any rate, Sargent accepted Beccari's treatment of the
genus, at least as far as Florida is concerned, and published a
synopsis of the two species there recognized, a description of
Acoelorraphe Wrightii with a plate4.
However, he is careful to make it clear t h a t he himself is not
responsible for maintaining two species5, but throws the burden
of proof on Beccari who has already attempted to distinguish
them. 6
The writer, within the past few years, has had the good
fortune to be able to penetrate into different parts of the area
occupied by this palm in the Cape Sable region of Florida.
India. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Amboina, Papua, Australia, and New
Zealand. In 1878 he was appointed director of the botanical garden and
museum of his native city, but retired within a year or two, as director emer­itus,
to devote all of his attention to the study of his extensive collections.
For many years he was recognized as the foremost student of the palms of
the world. He died at Florence, October 25, 1920.— John Hendley Barnhart.
1 Referred to by Wendland in 1879, but not published.
2 Webbia 2: 107- 118. 1907.
3 C. S. Sargent, Silva of North America 14: pl. 714. 1902.
4 Trees and Shrubs 2: 117- 120. pl. 151. 1911.
6 Trees and Shrubs 2: 118.
• Webbia 2: 107- 118. 1907.
67
He first encountered it in abundance in the hammocks bordering
Cuthbert Lake1. En route to that very isolated locality he first
saw small specimens of it along some of the arboreous tunnels,
which must be traversed to reach the lake; but it was the higher
ground about the lake that supported magnificent colonies of
this palm. Those in shaded places with tall naked stems of
nearly uniform height bore only a brush- like crown of leaves
at the top; whereas the colonies in exposed situations had more
copiously leafy stems and greater variety in length. These
latter colonies thus present beautiful masses or banks of green
foliage. The localities mentioned are within the influence of
the tides of the Bay of Florida and the waters are strictly saline.
The day following our introduction to this palm we again
encountered it about Coot Bay, which is one of the multi­tudinous
subdivisions of the so- called White Water Bay, which
is largely a vast labyrinth of mangrove swamps and channels.
It cuts off the Cape Sable region proper, a crescentic area of
about one hundred and twenty- five square miles with Coot
Bay forming its southeastern extremity and approaches to
within about two miles of the Bay of Florida. Coot Bay, however
receives its tidal influence not from the nearby Bay of Florida,
but from the Gulf of Mexico, whose nearest inlets situated in
the southern part of the Ten Thousand Islands, are about twenty
miles distant in a direct line. Like the Cuthbert Lake region,
the Coot Bay region is strictly saline, except for the varying
rainfall which, of course, has little effect on the water supply
of the vegetation.
We next encountered this palm in Madeira Hammock, which
surrounds Madeira Bay and is situated a little east of the middle
of the lower end of the Florida peninsula. Here, at least in a
given area, the growth is much more copious than at the two
above mentioned localities.
The growth of broad- leaved trees is not continuous along the •
shore of Madeira Bay; but it is interrupted at several places by
prairies that reach to the water's edge. They are southward
extensions from the Everglades.
1 Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 17: 189- 202. 1916. The
Cape Sable Region of Florida 1- 27. 1919.
68
At both Cuthbert Lake and Coot Bay the palm is largely
hidden in the hammocks; but at Madeira Bay large colonies
of. it may be seen while crossing the bay, both in the prairies
and in the hammock, where the crowns of leaves are often con­spicuous
above the roof of the hammock.
The stems of the colonies growing in the hammocks seem
to be taller than those of the prairies. Perhaps this condition
is brought about by the less frequent fires, and thus, in order to
get more light, the crowns of necessity push themselves above
the shade of the broad- leaved tree- tops. Their stems are very
closely set, as well as numerous. The growth is often so dense
that one cannot get through the stockade of stems.
On the prairies the colonies are often swept by prairie fires.
The first time we visited that locality the plants were in beautiful
leafage and the prairie was densely clothed with tall grass.
On our second visit the prairie was barren and the colonies of
palms comprised blackened poles with stubs of charred petioles
sticking out irregularly where the crown of leaves should have
been. Of course, after a time, new leaves are developed, the
blackened petioles are pushed off and the colonies again assume
their normal condition.
Madeira Bay and Coot Bay represent the southern limit of
this palm in Florida. It has not yet been found on the Florida
Keys. There is, however, a chance of finding it growing on
some of the islands between Big Pine Key and Boca Chica Key.
In our next experience with it we approached it from the
opposite direction, that is, from the north. On the prairie
about ten miles southwest of Royal Palm Hammock, Dade
County, this plant appears to be perfectly at home under fresh­water
conditions instead of salt. It grows just as plentifully
and as luxuriantly as- at the localities mentioned before.
This fourth region is apparently not many miles distant
from either Cuthbert Lake or Madeira Hammock. However,
of the four localities it is the one where the palm shows to the
best advantage, for the prairies are open and the hammocks are
small, at least, relatively so, and scattered too. The isolated
colonies and those raising their tops above the hammocks are
visible for long distances over the prairies, and when in fruit
>
69
the elongated spadices with numerous red or purple fruits con­stitute
the most conspicuous element in the landscape.
The visit to the type locality of Serenoa arborescens was made
for the purpose of determining whether that palm was really
distinct from Paurotis Wrightii ( Acoelorraphe Wrightii).
• With the plants ( Acoelorraphe arborescens) of the Cape Romano
region fresh in mind, we compared them with those of the
Cuthbert Lake- Madeira Hammock region. The writer found
that the only character that appeared worth while in Beccari's
diagnosis-— that is, the lobing of the leaf- blade— failed utterly.
The habit of the plants in all the regions is identical.
As a means for future comparison, living specimens were
taken from various regions, which really represent the ex­tremes
of the geographical range in Florida, and planted in
the reservations of Mr. Charles Deering at Buena Vista and at
Cutler.
As all the Paurotis now known in Florida is referable to a
single species, the synonymy would stand thus:
Paurotis Wrightii ( Griseb. & Wendl.) Britton and Shafer,
N. A. Trees 141. fig. 107. 1908.
Copernicia Wrightii Griseb. & Wendl.; Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub.
220. 1866.
Serenoa arborescens Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 90. 1989.
Paurotis androsana O. F. Cook, Mem. Torr. Club, 12: 22. 1902.
Acoelorraphe Wrightii ( Griseb. & Wendl.) Wendl.: Beccari,
Webbia 2: 109. 1907.
Acoelorraphe arborescens ( Sargent) Beccari, Webbia 2: 109 and
113. 1907.
Although all our palms have striking gross characters, yet
most of them are otherwise neither particularly noteworthy
nor exceptionally striking beyond a horizontal or erect stem
with a crown of fan- shaped or feather- shaped leaves at the
growing end. However, two of our palms have prominent
characters all their own. The needle- palm ( Rhapidophyllum
Hystrix) is furnished with myriads of long firm needles con-
70
stituting an armament which fallen into would inflict uncomfort­able,
if not serious, consequences.
Although the subject of this paper is armed to the extent of
prickles on the petioles, its most striking characteristic is its
mode of growth. A single stem becomes a colony which sends
up, from a subterranean stem- system, secondary stems ( bran­ches),
in the case of well- developed plants, in such numbers
and so closely placed as to form an impassable stockade.
JOHN K. SMALL
BLACK DUCKS IN NESTING TIME.
Early in April, several pairs of ducks, including the black,
mallard and wood duck, began looking over the grounds of the
Botanical Garden for suitable nesting sites. A miniature island,
some six or eight feet from shore in the water- arum pond, with
only a few square feet of surface exposed and well covered with
brush, except in the middle, seemed to be the most attractive
spot to be found by both black ducks and mallards. The black
ducks were first on the premises to begin their home- building
and by April 19th a bird had her nest completed and was quietly
setting, while her mate could usually be seen leisurely floating
on the water near by.
Some days later a pair of mallards appeared and the female
began building a nest close to that of the black duck's but at a
trifle lower elevation. She evidently was not well satisfied with
such crowded quarters or possibly the ground was a bit too low
or wet, for after placing a few sticks and leaves she soon flew away
to be seen no more about the place. Not so with her partner,
however. He apparently liked the situation and was not in­clined
to give it up so readily, loitering about for some days.
By April 24th he had driven the black drake away and began
closely guarding the nest of the black duck, often squatting on
the island within a foot or two of the setting bird or swimming
close by. At first the black duck resented this intrusion of the
mallard into her domestic affairs, pecking at him when he ap­proached
too near, but she soon seemed to become reconciled to
the situation and a little later the mallard proved a quite valiant
7i
defender of her home. Everything seemed to go on quietly until
May 14th, when some careless and lawless individual brought a
hunting dog into the park, allowing the animal to rove at will.
The dog was not long in discovering the mallard and lost no
time in plunging into the pond after the bird. However he
seems to have more than met his match in the water, for the
wise old mallard just kept a little ahead of his pursuer, flying a
few yards when too closely pursued and leading the dog back and
forth, but always away from the nest, and keeping these tactics
up for ten or fifteen minutes before the dog could be called off
by his master or driven away by interested spectators. After
this life and death struggle, affairs again resumed their previous
quietness, the setting bird rarely leaving her nest and the
mallard almost always in sight only a few feet away.
As the time for hatching approached the nesting bird remained
quite motionless for hours at a time, her head bent over and
resting on her back, the bdl more or less hidden among the
feathers and eyes closed, seeming to pay no attention to observers
quite near by. On the morning of May 18th, just a month from
the time the bird was first observed setting, at least six of the
nine eggs constituting the set were hatched and by noon certainly
all the birds were out. Early in the morning as many as there
young could be seen at a time peeping out from the breast
feathers of the mother and gazing at the world about them.
Soon one of these, more venturesome than the others, came out'
fully into view and began walking around the edge of the nest,
when, apparently by accident, it fell clumsily over the rim to
the ground below, only a matter of six or eight inches, to be
immediately followed by two others, not accidentally this time,
however, and thus all three began their wanderings into space
from the confining walls of a few hours before. The young birds
looked about, began inspecting and picking at everything within
reach and soon two were at the water's edge, which they looked
at, touched with their bills and soon after scrambled readily
back onto the nest again, the mother meantime making no
noise, but being very much alert to everything going on. Soon
matters quieted down, the young all taking a rest after their
first experience in the open. A few hours after and somewhere
near noon, whollv unobserved so far as the writer knows, the
duck left the nest, led all her young into the water and across
a narrow strip of land to the lily- pond, where she and her brood
were seen for the last time in the Botanical Garden.
Possibly the black ducks were from the Zoological Park and
the old bird went down the Bronx River with her brood to well
known feeding grounds. The mallard in the case, although not
seen just before or while the young were hatching, rather singul­arly
reappeared a day after the nest was deserted by the family
and could be seen sitting on or swimming near the nest for
several days following. Just what his feelings were it is hard to
imagine. Was he resting up after so much guard- duty, mourning
over a deserted home or only taking a siesta amid quiet sur­roundings?
— R. S. W.
THE IRIS SOCIETY EXHIBITION
The third annual exhibition of the American Iris SocitLy was
held at the Garden May 27 and 28, in cooperation with the New
York Botanical Garden and the Horticultural Society of New
York. The unusally early spring necessitated the advance of
the date by one week, and even then the irises of New Jersey
and Pennsylvania were beyond their prime. Nevertheless,
. there was an excellent display which attracted large numbers
of interested visitors. The annual meeting of the Iris Society
was held May 27 at the mansion, following a lunch for the mem­bers.
Chief interest at the meeting was centered on the test
garden, which was later inspected by the Society. This large
and growing collection, established by the Society and the Gar­den
jointly in 1920, now contains approximately 800 varieties
of tall bearded iris, and most of them were infull bloom. Practic­ally
all the old standard varieties are represented in the col­lection,
as well as many of the newer introductions. It is the
intention of the Iris Society to make the collection as complete
as possible, so that it will serve as a living catalog for the
guidance of interested persons.
Blooming just after the tulips and before the roses, the irises
now form one of the leading floral features of the Garden and
73
add greatly to the attractiveness of the horticultural grounds.
The new peony collection has been established near them, and
the two will soon supplement each other.
— H. A. G.
THE FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON FUND
The will of the late Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson, who was a
member of the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical
Garden from 1908 until his death in 1920, and a Vice- President
since 1914, provides a legacy of $ 25,000 for the purposes of the
Garden, which was paid over by his executors toward the close
of 1921. The following action was taken by the Managers at
their meeting on April 20, 1922:
RESOLVED: that the bequest of $ 25,000, received from
the estate of the late Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson, be and
hereby is designated the FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON
FUND, and that its income be applied to such purposes
as may be voted by the Board of Managers from time to
time.
An appropriation of $ 1,000 from the income of the Francis
Lynde Stetson Fund for the year 1922 was made for the pur­chase
of books.
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR APRIL.
The April Conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered
students of the Garden was held in the museum building, Wed­nesday,
April 5th.
Dr. H. A. Gleason spoke on " The Relation of Species to Area."
He pointed out that the natural tendency of plants is to migrate
in all directions as far as the environment permits, and that this
process ultimately produces a uniform mixture of species in
the plant association. Each quadrat in such an association
contains about the same number of species, the number being
74
regulated by the richness of the flora, the size of the plants,
and the size of the quadrat. If quadrats of larger size are
examined, the number of species is found to be larger, but the
increase is not directly proportional to the increase of area.
The more uniform the flora, the slower will be this rate of increase
in the larger quadrats.
If the relation of species and area is plotted, using areas as
abscissas and species as ordinates, the result is a curve, somewhat
resembling a hyperbola in shape. But if, instead of the area, the
logarithm of the area is used as the abscissa, the result becomes
practically a straight line, by the extension of which the number
of species in larger areas may be estimated directly.
A full discussion of the relation of species and area will appear
in an early number of Ecology.
In a brief discussion of some of the taxonomic problems in
monographing the Caprifoliaceae, Mr. C. C. Glover pointed
out the lack of characteristics for distinguishing many of the
species which have been dsecribed, and cited Symporicarpos
rotundifolius, S. vaccinioides, 5. oreophilus, S. tetonensis, S.
utahensis, Viburnum cassianoides and V. nudum as examples.
In contrast to these doubtful species he showed how perfectly
some of the other closely related species could be separated,
and gave as an illustration the three maple- leaved viburnums
wherein V. acerifolium has stellate hair clusters; V. pauciflorum
has long coarse irregularly bent cotton- like hairs; and V. opulus
either has simple short straight hairs or is entirely glabrous.
A. B. STOUT
Secretary of the Conference
NOTES NEWS AND COMMENTS
A joint meeting of the Torrey Botanical Club, Wild Flower
Preservation Society of America, and New York Bird and Tree
Club was held at the Garden on Wednesday, April twenty- sixth.
The day was exceptionally fine and about one hundred people
were present. In the forenoon, excursions were made through
the grounds to study birds, trees, and flowers under the direction
of Dr. Fisher, Dr. Southwick, Mr. Wilson, and others. Lunch
was eaten in the mansion at one o'clock, after which Dr. Wherry
gave an illustrated lecture on " Woodland Wild Flowers,"
followed by Dr. Denslow and Mr. Lownes on " Our Local
Orchids." Specimens and illustrations of orchids and other
wild flowers were on exhibit.
The Inkowa Club of New York City, established for the pro­motion
of out- of- door life, held a field- day at the Garden on
April 23, visiting many parts of the grounds and the buildings
under the guidance of a member of the Garden staff. Beginning
at the court of conservatory range I, where the early tulips
were in splendid flower, they first inspected the tropical houses,
conifer collection, herbaceous garden, rock garden, hemlock
grove, and the mansion, where they had their luncheon. In
the afternoon, they visited Long Lake, the propagating houses,
conservatory range 2, the Japanese cherry orchard, the meadows
of the Bronx River, the shrub collection, and the museum
building, where they examined the collections and attended a
lecture by Miss Hilda Loines on " English Flower Gardens."
Much interest was shown by the members of the Club in the
geology and history of the rocks, trees, and other natural features
of the Garden reservation. Miss Angelique Rivollier, Activities
Director, was in charge of the excursion.
Volume 6, part 1, of North American Flora consists of a mono­graph
of the genus Phyllosticta by Fred J. Seaver. The work
is largely a compilation of the species described and reported
for North America, i. e. no attempt has been made to culture out
the species in order to determine their life histories, although
the gross morphology has been studied as carefully as the avail­able
material will permit. Wherever the perfect stage is known
it has been indicated in a note supplementary to the descriptions.
In order to comply with the form, a key has been arranged.
On account of the difficulty, however, of constructing a satis­factory
key for such a large genus in which the specific differences
are so slight, the general rule for North American Flora has
been modified and a host index supplied for the genus. An
attempt has been made to correct host determinations where
76
material is adequate but unfortunately many of the specimens
are so fragmentary that it has been necessary to accept the host
determinations made by the collector. The entire work consists
of 84 pages of text and was issued early in April.
Perfect fruiting specimens of Buxbaumia aphylla L., a rather
rare and very interesting moss with large, peculiar capsules,
were found by Dr. Murrill at Yama Farms, in the southern
Catskills, on May 9, growing in sandy soil beside a path on a
rocky hillside in thin, oak- chestnut woods. This species was
found many years ago on decayed wood in the hemlock grove
by Mr. Williams, who published a brief article on the three
American species of the genus in the first volume of the Journal.
The soil at the Yama Farms locality was carefully examined
under a lens and no decayed wood was found in or near it.
Over 300 biology pupils from Evander Childs High School
visited the Garden on May 22 and were shown through the con­servatories
and around the grounds by several members of the
Garden staff. After studying a number of the trees on the lawns,
they assembled in the large lecture room for a talk on forestry,
given by Mr. George T. Hastings. At the close of the lecture
some time was devoted to a study of the collections in the
economic museum.
The Burroughs Nature Club of Newark, New Jersey, visited
the Garden on the afternoon of May 20 to see the temperate
and tropical collections of living ferns. Thirty or more members
were present, including the newly elected president and vice-president.
The excursion began at the rock garden and ended
at conservatory range 2; with brief stops in the iris garden,
hemlock grove, mansion, and deciduous arboretum.
Mr. Oakes Ames published on April 5th, 1922, the seventh
volume of his valued papers on orchids, and has continued his
liberality to the Garden by sending a copy for our library,
having previously sent the proceeding six volumes as published;
the seventh contains eleven papers, covering a wide range of
77
studies of both American and Old World orchids. Several
species new to science are described from specimens sent him
from our herbarium.
President J. A. Blaisdell of Pomona College, Claremont,
California was a recent visitor at the Garden. He is interested
in securing cooperation on some of the citrus problems of South­ern
California, Pomona College being located in the citrus belt.
Professor H. M. Fitzpatrick of Cornell University spent
several days at the Garden in May continuing his researches
on certain groups of Ascomycetous fungi.
Meteorology for April: The total precipitation for the month
was 2.54 inches. The maximum temperatures recorded for each
week were as follows: 750 on the 8th, 88° on the 10th, 720 on the
18th and 8o° on the 26th. The minimum temperatures were:
31" on the 3rd, 39° on the 16th, 380 on the 22nd and 32° on the
29th. Killing frosts occured in the first and last weeks of the
month.
A group of botanical students from Hunter College came to
the Garden on April 27 to examine the orchid collection and
to hear a talk by Dr. Gleason on this large and interesting
family of plants.
About seventy- five biological students from the Academy of
Mount St. Ursula spent the afternoon at the Garden on April
twenty- eight. They were shown through portions of the
grounds and buildings by Mr. Wilson and other members of the
Garden staff.
Miss Helen Purdy, who is now assisting Dr. Murrill with the
collections of the higher fungi, gave a brief account of her
recent research in Copenhagen at an informal meeting of the
Barnard Botanical Club, held at the home of Mrs. Boyle,
Saturday, May 6th.
This spring Dr. Stout is conducting important breeding
work with about twenty species of the genus Lilium.
78
ACCESSIONS
PLANTS AND SEEDS
3 plants of Citrus for conservatories ( given by Mrs. Grimes),
i plant of Codiaeum ( given by Mr. Wm. H. Becker).
3 plants of crested begonia ( by exchange with Mr. W. A. Manda).
io plants for conservatories ( by exchange with U. S. Dept. of Agric).
2 plants for nurseries ( by exchange with College of Agric, Ithaca, N. Y.).
2 plants of Castalia " Attraction" ( by exchange with Missouri Bot. Gard.).
i plant for conservatories ( by exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum through
Dr. J. N. Rose),
i plant of Sedum for conservatories ( by exchange with Prof. Thorne).
4 plants of Opuntia from Florida ( collected by Dr. J. K. Small).
7 cactus plants ( by exchange with Dept. of Agric. of Trinidad).
32 plants of Iris from Florida ( collected by Dr. J. K. Small).
1 packet of seed ( given by Mr. J. Hartling).
1 packet of seed ( given by Prof. Glover).
1 packet of Bactris utilis seed ( by exchange with U. S. Dept. Agric).
44 packets of seed ( by exchange with Central Experiment Station of Canada).
I packet of seed ( by exchange with U. S. Dept. Agric).
1 packet of seed ( by exchange with College De La Salle, Habana).
91 packets of seed ( purchased).
2 plants for conservatories ( given by Mr. Edward W. Doherty).
3 plants of Oncidium for conservatories ( given by Miss Harriet J. Coxe).
537 plants for iris garden ( given by American Iris Society).
2 plants for iris garden ( given by Mr. John C. Wister).
1 plant of Tinantia for conservatories ( given by Miss Lula Pace).
1 plant of Arbutus ( given by Mrs. Jean Kerr).
5 plants for iris garden ( given by Mr. C. N. Wettengel).
2 plants for iris garden ( given by Mr. J. M. Shull).
35 plants for conservatories ( given by Mr. Fisher).
33 plants from Porto Rico ( collected by Dr. N. L. Britton).
1 plant of Opuntia from Florida ( collected by Dr. J. K. Small).
17 plants from Brazil ( collected by Mr. P. H. Rolf).
25 plants of Areca lutescens ( given by Mr. E. Murray Brunner through Dr.
N. L. Britton).
7 plants for arboretum ( by exchange with U. S. Dept. of Agric).
1 plant for conservatories ( by exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum through
Mr. W. R. Maxon).
15 plants of Abutilon ( by exchange with Botanic Garden, Cambridge,
England).
1 plant of Bougainvillea ( by exchange with Brooklyn Botanic Garden).
95 plants for conservatories ( by exchange with Storrs & Harrison Co.).
4 plants for conservatories ( by exchamge with Dr. E. J. Palmer).
9 plants for conservatories ( by exchange with Dr. E. T. Wherry).
79
5 plants for conservatories ( by exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum through
Dr. J. N. Rose).
6 plants for decorative planting ( purchased).
II plants for collections ( purchased).
I plant ( raised from seed).
i packet of seed ( given by Mrs. N. L. Britton).
9 packets of seed ( by exchange with Botanic Garden, Cambridge, England).
43 packets of seed ( by exchange with Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, Dublin,
Ireland).
58 packets of seed ( by exchange with Botanic Garden, Bonn, Germany).
60 packets of seed ( by exchange with Botanic Garden, Cernauti, Tran­sylvania).
19 packets of seed ( by exchange with Botanic Garden, Cluj, Roumania),
26 packets of seed ( by exchange with Botanic Garden, Groningue, Holland),
LIBRARY, FROM JAN. i- APRIL 30
Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Vols. 1- 3, 10. Rio de Janeiro,
1876- 99 ( given by t h e Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro).
CANNON, WILLIAM AUSTIN. Plant habits and habitates in the arid portions of
South Australia. Washington, 1921 ( given by the Carnegie Institution of
Washington).
Catalogue of the library of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Cambridge,
1918.
CLARK, GEORGE HAROLD, & MALTE, MALTE OSCAR. Fodder and pasture.
plants. Ottawa, 1913 ( given by Dr. P. A. Rydberg).
CLEMENTS, FREDERIC EDWARD. A eration and air- content. Washington, 1921.
( given by the Carnegie Institution of Washington).
EVELYN, JOHN. The French gardiner. Ed. 3. London, 1672.
GRABAU, AMADEUS WILLIAM. A textbook of geology. * vols. Boston, C 1920.
HALL, HARVEY MONROE, & LONG, FRANCES LOUISE. Rubber- content of
North American Plants. Washington, 1921 ( given by the Carnegie
Institution of Washington).
HERRERA, FORTUNATO L. ContributiSn a la flora del Departmento del Cuzco,
Primera parte, Ed. 2. Cuzco, 1921 ( given by the Torrey Botanical Club).
HOTTES, ALFRED CARL. Practical plant propagation. Ed. 2. New York, 1922.
Index Kewensis. Supplementum quintum. Oxonii, 1921.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Vols.
7- 12. Plymouth, 1904- 21 ( by exchange).
KROK, THORGNY OSSIAN BOLIVAR NAPOLEON, & ALMQUIST, SIGFRID OSKAR
IMMANUEL. Svensk flora for skolor. Vol. 2. Kryptomgamer. Ed. 3.
Stockholm, 1907 ( given by Dr. W. A. Murrill).
MCILVAINE, CHARLES, & MACADAM, ROBERT K. One thousand American
fungi. Ed. 3. Indianapolis, [ 1911]
OLIVER, GEORGE WATSON & HOTTES, ALFRED CARL. Plant culture. Ed. 4.
New York, 1921.
8o
PASCHER, ADOLF A. Die Siisswasser- Flora Deutschlands, Osterreicks und der
Schweiz, ed. Heft 7. Chlorophyceae 4. Jena, 1921.
SARGENT, CHARLES SPRAGUE. Manual of the trees of North American. Ed. 2.
Boston, 1922.
SMYTHE, WILLIAM E. City homes on country lanes. New York, 1921 ( given by
Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack).
STOUT, ARLOW BURDETTE. Gardening. Yonkers- on- Hudson, 1922 ( given by
the author).
STOUT, HENRIETTA MARIA ( SCHROEDER). The amateur's book of the dahlia.
Garden City, 1922.
WERNHAM, HERBERT FULLER. A monograph of the genus Sabicea. London,
1914.
Members of the Corporation
Dr. Robert Abbe
Fritz Achelis
Edward D. Adams
Charles B. Alexander
Vincent Astor
John W. Auchincloss
George F. Baker
Stephen Baker
Henry de Forest Baldwin
Edmund L. Baylies
Prof. Charles P. Berkey
Eugene P. Bicknell
C. K. G. Billings
George Blumenthal
George S. Brewster
Prof. N. L. Britton
Prof. Edw. S. Burgess
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler
Prof. W. H. Carpenter
Prof. C. F. Chandler
Hon. W. A. Clark
C. A. Coffin
Marin Le Brun Cooper
Paul D. Cravath
James W. Cromwell
Charles Deering
Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow
Cleveland H. Dodge
Samuel W. Fairchild
William B. O. Field
James B. Ford
Henry W. De Forest
Robert W. De Forest
Prof. W. J. Gies
Daniel Guggenheim
Murry Guggenheim
J. Horace Harding
J. Montgomery Hare
Edward S. Harkness
Prof. R. A. Harper
J. Amory Haskell
T. A. Havemeyer
A. Heckscher
Joseph P. Hennessey
Bernhard Hoffmann
Archer M. Huntington
Adrian Iselin
Dr. Walter B. James
Walter B. Jennings
Otto H. Kahn
Prof. James F. Kemp
Darwin P. Kingsley
Edw. V. Z. Lane
Dr. Albert R. Ledoux
Prof. Frederic S. Lee
Adolph Lewisohn
Kenneth K. Mackenzie
V. Everit Macy
Edgar L. Marston
W. J. Matheson
George McAneny
Dr. Walter Mendelson
John L. Merrill
Ogden Mills
Hon. Ogden L. Mills
Barrington Moore
J. Pierpont Morgan
Dr. Lewis R. Morris
Frederic R. Newbold
C. D. Norton
Eben E. Olcott
Prof. Henry F. Osborn
Chas. Lathrop Pack
Henry Phipps
F. R. Pierson
James R. Pitcher
Ira A. Place
Hon. Anning S. Prall
Charles F. Rand
Ogden Mills Reid
Prof. H. M. Richards
John D. Rockefeller
W. Emlen Roosevelt
Prof. H. H. Rusby
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre
Mortimer L. Schiff
Albert R. Shattuck
Henry A. Siebrecht
William Sloane
Valentine P. Snyder
Louis C. Tiffany
Felix M. Warburg
Paul M. Warburg
Allen Wardwell
H. H. Westinghouse
Bronson Winthrop
James Speyer
Frederick Strauss
F. K. Sturgis
B. B. Thayer
Charles G. Thompson
W. Boyce Thompson
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson
Grenville L. Winthrop
Members of the Women's Auxiliary
Mrs. George A. Armour
Mrs. Robert Bacon
Miss Elizabeth Billings
Mrs. N. L. Britton
Mrs. Andrew Carnegie
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey
Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn
Mrs. Robert C. Hill
Mrs. Walter Jennings
Mrs. Bradish Johnson
Mrs. Delancey Kane
Mrs. Hamilton F. Kean
Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel
Mrs. A. A. Low
Mrs. V. Everit Macy
Mrs. Henry Marquand
Mrs. George W. Perkins
Mrs. George D. Pratt
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt
Mrs. William A. Read
Mrs. James Roosevelt
Mrs. Benson B. Sloan
Mrs. Theron G. Strong
Mrs. Edw. T. H. Talmage
Mrs. Henry O. Taylor
Mrs. W. G. Thompson
Mrs. Cabot Ward
Honorary Members of the Women's Auxiliary
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman
Mrs. John I. Kane
Mrs. Jas. A. Scrymser
Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes
Mrs. F. F. Thompson
P U B L I C A T I O N S OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, contain,
ing notes, news, and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all
members of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. [ Not
offered in exchange.] Now in its twenty- third volume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to
fungi, including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of
general interest, and an index to current American mycological literature.
$ 4.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in
its fourteenth volume.
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by
popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two
in each volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not offered in
exchange.] Now in its seventh volume.
Bulletin of the Kew York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports
ef the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles
embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all
members of the Garden; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its eleventh
volume.
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be
completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more
parts. Subscription price, $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate
parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. 3, part 1, 1910. Nectriaceae— Fimetariaceae.
Vol. 7, part I, 1906; part 2, 1907, part 3, 1912; part 4, 1920; part 5, 1920;
part 6, 1921. Ustilaginaceae— Aecidiaceae ( pars). ( Parts I and 2 no longer
sold separately.)
Vol. 9 ( now complete), parts 1- 7, 1907- 1916. Polyporaceae— Agaricaceae
( pars). ( Parts 1- 3 no longer sold separately.)
Vol. 10, part 1, 1914; parts 2 and 3, 1917. Agaricaceae ( pars).
Vol. 15, parts I and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae— Leucobryaceae.
Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae— Cyatheaceae ( pars).
Vol. 17, part I, 1909; part 2, 1912; part 3, 1915. Typhaceae— Poaceae
( pars).
Vol. 21, part I, 1916; part 2, 1917; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae— Atlio-niaceae.
Vol. 22, parts I and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913; part 6,
1918. Podostemonaceae— Rosaceae.
Vol. 24, part I, 1919; part 2, 1920. Fabaceae ( pars.)
Vol. 25, part 1,1907; part 2,1920; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae— Burseraceae.
Vol. 29, part I, 1914. Clethraceae— Ericaceae.
Vol. 32, part 1, 1918. Rubiaceae ( pars).
Vol. 34, part I, 1914; part 2, 1915; part 3, 1916. Carduaceae— Anthem-ideae.
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the
Garden, £ 1.50 per volume. To others, $ 3.00. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellow­stone
Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900.
Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Develop­ment,
by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville,
New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii+ 138 pp., with 29 plates.
1909.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart
Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908.
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant
Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915.
Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of theTwentieth Anniversary
of the New York Botanical Garden, viii + 592 pp., with 43 plates and many
text figures. 1916.
Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from
Journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume.
a the tenth volume.
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, New York City